Types and uses of attitude scale

Q) Mention the types and uses of attitude scale.

Answer:

Attitude scales provide quick and convenient measure of attitudes. In attitude and opinion research, two methods i.e., equal appearing intervals (Thurstone Scales) and method of summated ratings (Likert Scales) have been used extensively.

In the method of equal appearing intervals, the attitude score of an individual obtained by this method has an absolute interpretation (neutral, favourable, unfavourable) in terms of the psychological continuum of scale value of the statements making up the scale.

In the method of summated ratings, the item score is obtained by assigning arbitrary weights of 5,4,3,2,1 for Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (U), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD).

Uses of Attitude Scales

These scales are used to measure the degree of positive or negative feeling associated with a slogan, person, institution, etc. It is used to make some important or crucial decision in public-opinion-surveys. For example, the educationalists surveys to know what people feel about the educational issues. Similarly, opinion surveys are conducted by politicians to predict how people will vote.

Q) Explain Participatory Research Method

Answer:

Participatory Action Research (PAR) is an approach to research in communities that emphasizes participation and action. It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. It helps in articulating the problems and indicating what could be done to ameliorate their conditions.

Some of the participatory researches include Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) which later evolved into Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and then later into Participatory Learning and Action (PLA). Participatory Rural Appraisal was used initially to appraise the existing situations only in rural areas and it was used in the urban areas and other fields like adult education, policy influencing and advocacy and organization development.

The objective of the approach is to let the poor and marginalized people become capable of analyzing their own realities and those they should be enabled to do so. Some of the commonly used techniques in PRS are meetings, group discussions, socio-drama and sharing of knowledge generated through various forms of folk, oral, written and visual arts.

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