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Roman Numerals: Basics

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Understanding Roman Numerals: Beginner’s guide. Here’s how the Romans wrote their numbers.

The numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 that we all are aware of are used in the Hindu-Arabic numeration system; any number can be created using these digits.

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The Romans however used a combination of seven basic symbols to write any number.

Basic Symbols in Roman Numerals

  1. I (=1)
  2. V (=5)
  3. X (=10)
  4. L (=50)
  5. C (=100)
  6. D (=500)
  7. M (=1000)

Please note that the Romans did not have a symbol to represent the digit 0 (zero).

How to form Roman Numerals: Rules

Here’s how to form Roman numerals:

  • When a Roman numeral is repeated one after the other, we add their values to get the number. For example: I+I+I = 3.
  • If a smaller Roman symbol is written to the right of a greater Roman symbol, the value of the numeral is the sum of the values of the symbols. For example: VII = 5+2=7.
  • If a smaller Roman symbol is written to the left of a greater Roman symbol, the value of the numeral is the difference of the values of the symbols, that is the smaller symbol is subtracted from the greater one. For example: IV = 5 – 1 = 4
  • If the symbols are combined, the value of the symbol of smaller value is subtracted from the value of the symbol on its right. For example: XIV = 10 + (5 – 1) = 14

Reading Numbers

1 – I 11 – X1 21 – XXI 31 – XXXI 41 – XLI
2 – II 12 – XII 22 – XXII 32 – XXXII 42 – XLII
3 – III 13 – XIII 23 – XXIII 33 – XXXIII 43 – XLIII
4 – IV 14 – XIV 24 – XXIV 34 – XXXIV 44 – XLIV
5 – V 15 – XV 25 – XXV 35 – XXXV 45 – XLV
6 – VI 16 – XVI 26 – XXVI 36 – XXXVI 46 – XLVI
7 – VII 17 – XVII 27 – XXVII 37 – XXXVII 47 – XLVII
8 – VIII 18 – XVIII 28 – XXVIII 38 – XXXVIII 48 – XLVIII
9 – IX 19 – XIX 29 – XXIX 39 – XXXIX 49 – XLIX
10 – X 20 – XX 30 – XXX 40 – XL 50 – L

Q) Write the Hindu-Aabic numerals for the following Roman Numerals.

XXXIII – 33. XVI – 16. M – 1000. C – 100. LV – 55. XLVII – 47. X – 10. XXIX – 29

Q) Write the following numbers in Roman Numerals.

  • 31 – XXXI. 18 – XVIII. 45 – XLV. 60 – LX. 65 – LXV. 8 – VIII. 14 – XIV
  • 12 – XII. 47 – XLVII. 27 – XXVII. 38 – XXXVIII. 2 – II. 32 – XXXII. 40 – XL

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